Americas

Disputes over taxation and representation after the Seven Years War radicalized colonial politics from Boston to Virginia. Fightin...

Saint-Domingue was the richest colony on earth, its plantations worked by half a million enslaved Africans. The ceremony at Bois C...

Criollo resentment of peninsular privilege, Enlightenment ideas, and the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 created the opening....

News that Napoleonic forces had seized Seville and dissolved the Spanish junta destroyed viceregal legitimacy in the River Plate. ...

The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 shattered imperial authority, and juntas formed across Spanish America. Republican experi...

Unlike Spanish America, Brazil avoided mass war because the Portuguese royal family had ruled from Rio de Janeiro since 1808, rais...

Decades of Porfirian modernization had dispossessed peasant communities and concentrated land and wealth. Francisco Madero opposit...

Castro attacked the Moncada barracks in 1953, turned his trial into a political platform, and after exile in Mexico landed in Dece...

Mineworkers and urban militias defeated the army in three days of fighting in La Paz, bringing Victor Paz Estenssoro to power. The...

The Somoza dynasty had ruled since the 1930s behind the National Guard. The corruption that followed the 1972 Managua earthquake a...

The movement of Maurice Bishop took the radio station and police barracks in a nearly bloodless coup, promising grassroots democra...

American immigrants had settled in Mexican Texas in large numbers, and tensions grew over immigration limits, slavery, and the cen...

Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, a kuraka who claimed descent from the last Inca ruler, took the name Tupac Amaru II and rose in Novembe...

Protests by students, teachers, and workers forced the dictator Jorge Ubico to resign on 1 July 1944, and in October a revolt by y...

The Zapatista Army of National Liberation, made up largely of Indigenous Maya peasants, seized several towns in Chiapas on the day...