Middle East

Merchants hit by tariff concessions to foreigners, clergy angered by growing European influence, and intellectuals demanding the r...

Officers stationed in Macedonia, fearing the regime would concede territory to foreign powers, marched on the capital as the sulta...

The 1920 Treaty of Sevres would have dismembered the Ottoman state, and the Greek landing at Izmir in 1919 ignited national resist...

The shah white revolution had uprooted villages, enriched a narrow elite, and alienated the clergy, while the SAVAK secret police ...

The street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire on 17 December 2010 after police harassment, becoming the spark for nationw...

Police brutality, rigged elections, and mass youth unemployment primed the uprising, called for 25 January, national police day, b...

The exile of nationalist leaders Saad Zaghloul and companions after their attempt to petition the Paris Peace Conference ignited s...

Schoolboys arrested and tortured in Daraa for anti-regime graffiti sparked demonstrations met with gunfire. Nonviolent protest com...

Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Mecca, encouraged by correspondence with the British High Commissioner in Egypt Henry McMahon promising ...

Defeat in the 1948 Arab Israeli War, British military presence in the Suez Canal zone, and royal corruption discredited the monarc...

The pro-Western monarchy, closely associated with Britain and the Baghdad Pact, faced growing nationalist opposition. Officers of ...

Syrian forces had been present in Lebanon since the civil war of 1976 and exerted heavy influence over its politics. The killing o...