Africa

Nationalist parties, banned after the 1947 electoral crisis, coordinated night attacks on plantations, barracks, and French posts ...

Kikuyu land grievances from decades of white settlement and labor controls radicalized into oath-taking and militancy. The state o...

The FLN launched coordinated attacks on 1 November 1954, All Saints Day. Rural guerrilla brigades under the wilaya system and the ...

The December 1963 independence settlement had preserved the rule of the Omani-descended sultan and his Arab-led coalition despite ...

The 1973 famine in Wollo, exposed by foreign journalists, fuel price shocks, and army mutinies over pay and conditions dissolved t...

King Idris was abroad for medical treatment when the young officers inspired by Nasserism moved. Gaddafi men took radio stations a...

The Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings inspired a day of rage on 17 February 2011 that was met with lethal fire. Benghazi fell to reb...

The forced cotton regime and land seizures had radicalized the peasantry of the north. The 1961 Baixa de Cassanje revolt and attac...

Eduardo Mondlane united exile movements into FRELIMO in 1962 and launched the war in September 1964 from bases in Tanganyika. As f...

Amilcar Cabral built the PAIGC into the best organized liberation army of the Portuguese colonial wars, opening hostilities in Jan...

Ian Smith unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 locked a few percent of the population into power over the African majori...

The 1976 decree forcing Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in Black schools crystallized resentment of Bantu education, designed...

Rising bread and fuel prices sparked protests in Atbara in December 2018, which spread across Sudan and were led by the Sudanese P...

Eritrea, a former Italian colony, was federated with Ethiopia in 1952, but Emperor Haile Selassie dissolved the federation and ann...

Blaise Compaore had ruled Burkina Faso since the 1987 coup in which Thomas Sankara was killed. When parliament prepared to vote on...